Works Cited
The federal election campaign laws:a short history. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2012, from Federal Election Commission website: http://www.fec.gov/info/appfour.htm
Extended description of Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, the 1971 Revenue Act, and amendments.
Geraci, V. W. (n.d.). Campaign finance historical timeline. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from State Civics Toolbox Objectives website: http://www.ctn.state.ct.us/civics/campaign_finance/Support%20Materials/Campaign%20Finacne%20Timeline.pdf
Timeline of American campaign finance from George Washington to McCain-Feingold. It was written pre-Citizens United
Overby, P., Godoy, M., & Raymond, R. (n.d.). A century of U.S. campaign finance law. Retrieved March 14, 2012, from NPR website: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121293380
Detailed timeline of campaign finance laws from 1900-2010 (and Citizens United ruling).
Garrett, R. S. (2011, December 2). “Super PACs” in federal elections: overview and issues for Congress (Rep. No. R42042). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42042.pdf
Report on Super PACs and their impact on 2010 midterm election
Liptak, A. (2010, March 26). Courts take on campaign finance decision. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/us/politics/27campaign.html
Covers two cases following the Citizens United decision as well as reaction from political parties.
Super PACs. (n.d.). Retrieved February 29, 2012, from The Center for Responsive Politics website: http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/superpacs.php
Description of PACs as well as an extensive listing of PACs, their expenditures, their political leaning, and their cash raised.
Who’s financing the ‘Super PACs’. (n.d.). Retrieved from The New York Times website: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/01/31/us/politics/super-pac-donors.html
Description of major Super PACs as well as a breakdown of donations and names of large donors.
Young, L. (2012, January 31). Evolution of money in politics. Retrieved March 25, 2012, from Sunlight Foundation website: http://reporting.sunlightfoundation.com/2012/timeline-money-politics/
Timeline of history of campaign finance 1970 to today. Recent events are limited.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 08 S.Ct. 205 (2010), http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/08-205.ZS.html.
This document is the Reporter of Decisions generated Syllabus for the Citizens United case, i.e. summary of the case.
McIntire, M., & Luo, M. (2012, February 25). Fine line between ‘Super PACs’ and campaigns. The New York Times.
Expose of the close ties between campaigns and Super PACs. Details the sharing of consultants by Romney and his Super PAC.
Super PACs. (n.d.). Retrieved February 29, 2012, from The Center for Responsive Politics website: http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/superpacs.php
Description of PACs as well as an extensive listing of PACs, their expenditures, their political leaning, and their cash raised.
2012 outside spending, by Super PACs. (n.d.). Retrieved February 29, 2012, from Center for Repsonsive Politics website: http://www.opensecrets.org/outsidespending/summ.php?cycle=2012&disp=O&type=S&chrt=V
Statistics and graphs of Super PAC fundraising and spending in the 2012 election
Who’s financing the ‘Super PACs’. (n.d.). Retrieved from The New York Times website: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/01/31/us/politics/super-pac-donors.html
Description of major Super PACs as well as a breakdown of donations and names of large donors.
Join American Crossroads. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from American Crossroads website: http://www.americancrossroads.org/
Website for the major Super PAC
Join Crossroads GPS. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Crossroads GPS website: http://www.crossroadsgps.org/
Website of the 501(c)(4) of American Crossroads
American Crossroads summary. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Center for Responsive Politics website: http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00487363&cycle=2010
Summary of fundraising and expenditures for American Crossroads during the 2010 and 2012 election cycles
Kantar Media. (2012, April 24). Secret spending. Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Washington Post website: http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/secret-spending/2012/04/24/gIQAZylZfT_graphic.html
Graph of spending of 501(c)(4)s
Restore Our Future. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Restore Our Future website: http://restoreourfuture.com/
Website for Pro-Romney Super PAC
Restore Our Future summary. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Center for Responsive Politics website: http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00490045
Summary of fundraising and expenditures for American Crossroads during the 2012 election cycle
Priorities Action USA. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Priorities Action USA website: http://www.prioritiesusaaction.org/
Website for Pro-Obama Super PAC
Winning Our Future. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Winning Our Future website: http://www.winningourfuture.com/
Website for the Pro-Gingrich Super PAC
Winning Our Future summary. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Center for Responsive Politics website: http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00507525
Summary of fundraising and expenditures for Winning Our Future during the 2012 election cycles
Winning Our Future contributors. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Center for Responsive Politics website: http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/pacgave2.php?cmte=C00507525&cycle=2012
List of major donors to the Winning Our Future Super PAC
Mayer, J. (2010, August 30). Covert operations. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=1
Article detailing conservative operations of Koch brothers
Americans for Prosperity. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Americans for Prosperity website: www.americansforprosperity.org
Website for the 501(c)(4) financed by the Koch brothers
Lacey, S. (2012, January 17). Koch-Funded Americans For Prosperity spends $6 million on another bogus Solyndra campaign. Retrieved May 29, 2012, from http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/01/17/405076/koch-funded-americans-for-prosperity-spends-6-million-on-another-bogus-solyndra-campaign/?mobile=nc
Article detailing expenditures of Americans for Prosperity
Workers' Voice: made in the USA. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from http://www.workersvoice.org/
Website of the AFL-CIO Super PAC
Brief for Cato Institute as Amicus Curiae Supporting Appellant, Citizens’ United v. FEC,
558 U.S. 50 (2010), (no. 01-1015), from http://www.cuvfec.com/documents/case- 08-205/Supplemental_Question_Amicus_Brief_of_Cato_Institute.pdf
Cato Institute Amicus Curiae brief in Citizens’ case
Samples, J. (2012, January 13). Super PACs fnhance democracy. Retrieved May 29,
2012, from Cato Institute website: http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/super-pacs-enhance-democracy
Letter from head of the Center for Representative Government at the Cato Institute in support of Super PACs
Kurtz, H. (2012, March 27). McCain rips Super PACs. Retrieved May 29, 2012, from
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/03/27/john-mccain-rips-super-pacs.html
Article detailing McCain's opinions on Super PACs
Colbert Super PAC. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow website: http://www.colbertsuperpac.com/
Website of Colbert's Super PAC
McGrath, C. (2012, January 4). How many Stephen Colberts are there? New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/magazine/stephen-colbert.html?_r=3
Extensive article describing Colbert's coverage of and utilization of Super PACs
The ACLU and Citizens United. (2012, March 27). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from ACLU website: http://www.aclu.org/free-speech/aclu-and-citizens-united
Letter detailing the ACLU's stance on the Citizens' United decision and campaign finance
Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow summary. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Center for Responsive Politics website: http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00498097
Summary of fundraising and expenditures of Colbert’s Super PAC
Colbert Super PAC. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow website: http://www.colbertsuperpac.com/
Website of Colbert's Super PAC
Mayer, J. (2010, August 30). Covert operations. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer?currentPage=1
Article detailing conservative operations of Koch brothers
McGrath, C. (2012, January 4). How many Stephen Colberts are there? New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/magazine/stephen-colbert.html?_r=3
Extensive article describing Colbert's coverage of and utilization of Super PACs
Who’s financing the ‘Super PACs’. (n.d.). Retrieved from The New York Times website: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/01/31/us/politics/super-pac-donors.html
Description of major Super PACs as well as a breakdown of donations and names of large donors.
Political Parties
2010 outside spending, by Super PACs. (2012). Retrieved May 29, 2012, from http://www.opensecrets.org/outsidespending/summ.php?cycle=2010&chrt=V&disp=O&type=S
Details of Super PAC spending during the 2010 election; graph of spending by ideology.
Blake, A., & Cillizza, C. (2012, March 13). Poll: Voters want Super PACs to be illegal. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/post/poll-voters-want-super-pacs-to-be-illegal/2012/03/12/gIQA6skT8R_blog.html
Discussion of Washington Post/ABC poll regarding Super PACs
Drutman, L. (2012, February 1). The presidential Super PACs: five takeaways. Retrieved May 29, 2012, from Sunlight Foundation website: http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2012/02/01/superpac-takeaways/
Reflection of a transparency advocate organization on the initial FEC donation release.
Jaffe, S. (2012, March 12). Analysis: Super PACs aren’t as influential as expected. The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved from http://thedp.com/index.php/blog/redandblue/2012/03/analysis_super_pacs_arent_as_influential_as_expected
Article discussing corporations largely abstaining from Super PACs,
instead using 501(c)(4)s